searches

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10370/

Line of succession

A member of the royal family can also be removed from the line of succession to the throne by legislation, although under a convention enshrined in the preamble to the Statute of Westminster 1931 this would require the consent of every other Commonwealth Realm (independent states where the King is also head of state).

One thing to keep in mind is that I’m pretty sure that PG&E services a lot of rural areas, which are less-densely-populated, and thus more expensive to provide service to.

checks

Yeah.

https://www.pge.com/tariffs/assets/pdf/tariffbook/ELEC_MAPS_Service Area Map.pdf

There might be government subsidy as well, but looking at PG&E’s rate schedule, it’s fixed across its service area.

https://www.pge.com/assets/pge/docs/account/rate-plans/residential-electric-rate-plan-pricing.pdf

That probably means that cities are partly footing the cost of providing electricity to rural areas via buying more-expensive electricity than would otherwise be necessary.

If one wants to have this subsidy in place — and one might not — then switching to a local utility would also potentially require adopting some sort of tax.

I’m not particularly enamored of publicly-owned utilities, but one data point in their favor — Santa Clara uses their own power utility, and their rates are considerably lower than PG&E’s.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Power

Silicon Valley Power (SVP) is a not-for-profit municipal electric utility owned and operated by the City of Santa Clara, California, United States. SVP provides electricity service to approximately 55,116 residential and business customers, including large corporations such as Intel, Applied Materials, Owens Corning and NVIDIA. SVP also owns and maintains a dark fiber network named SVP Fiber Enterprise.

searches

Well, this is SVP’s site, so not really an objective source, but I think it makes the point, and I’ve read about it elsewhere.

https://www.siliconvalleypower.com/residents/rates-and-fees

SVP D-1 average residential rate is $0.182/kWh.

PG&E E-1 average residential rate is $0.422/kWh.

$.18/kWh isn’t amazing by US standards, but it’s much closer to typical US rates than California as a whole is.

My consumer broadband router (which acts as a WAP, modem, and router) looks like it’s rated for a 36W power supply. Putting a Kill-A-Watt wattmeter on it shows it currently using about 14W.

Alberta electricity mix:

https://www.cer-rec.gc.ca/en/data-analysis/energy-markets/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles/provincial-territorial-energy-profiles-alberta.html

Figure 1: Electricity generation by Fuel Type (2021)

I assume principally with natural gas.

EDIT: And upon me actually reading the article, that does seem to be the case:

The natural gas facility, proposed by Synapse Data Centre Inc., will produce 1.4 gigawatts of energy each day, solely to power what could become the largest artificial intelligence (AI) data centre in the county.

EDIT2: I was wondering if they could use waste heat from the power plant to do district heating, but while it looks like Olds, Alberta is pretty compact, looking at it in Google Earth, it also looks like it’s mostly low-density single-family homes and that the town’s surrounded by farmland. I don’t know if it’d be economical to do so; district heating makes more sense in higher-density areas.

Downtown Calgary is somewhat built-up, but that’s a good 85 km away from Olds.

Don’t use Instagram or TikTok

Yeah, in general, my answer to “I don’t like using Internet site X” is “well, don’t use that site.”

There are a vast number of sites out there. Use one that you like. I don’t have a very high opinion of lemmygrad.ml, but I deal with that by not going there.

“But TikTok is a big site!”

Okay. I don’t use Instagram or TikTok. I can assure you that it’s very possible to not use them.

“But my friends use Website X!”

Well, making the probably-reasonable assumption that the relationship is symmetric and they also use it because you do, that situation isn’t going to change unless someone decides to use something else.

Is this worth the effort?

In terms of electricity cost?

I wouldn’t do it myself.

If you want to know whether it’s going to save money, you want to see how much power it uses — you can use a wattmeter, or look up the maximum amount on the device ratings to get an upper end. Look up how much you’re paying per kWh in electricity. Price the hardware. Put a price on your labor. Then you can get an estimate.

My guess, without having any of those numbers, is that it probably isn’t.

I imagine that whatever shipping service the shop is using will work it out as long as they’ve got a non-ambiguous street address for delivery.

That does make me interested as to whether any of that reduction in intended spending would involve reduced spending on memory in the next, say, three years.

You would typically want to use static ip addresses for servers (because if you use DHCP the IP is gonna change sooner or later, and it’s gonna be a pain in the butt).

In this case, he controls the local DHCP server, which is gonna be running on the OpenWRT box, so he can set it to always assign whatever he wants to a given MAC.

except that all requests’ IP addresses are set to the router’s IP address (192.168.3.1), so I am unable to use proper rate limiting and especially fail2ban.

I’d guess that however the network is configured, you have the router NATting traffic going from the LAN to the Internet (typical for a home broadband router) as well as from the home LAN to the server.

That does provide security benefits in that you’ve basically “put the server on the Internet side of things”, and the server can’t just reach into the LAN, same as anything else on the Internet. The NAT table has to have someone on the LAN side opening a connection to establish a new entry.

But…then all of those hosts on the LAN are going to have the same IP address from the server’s standpoint. That’s the experience that hosts on the Internet have towards the same hosts on your LAN.

It sounds like you also want to use DHCP:

Getting the router to actually assign an IP address to the server was quite a headache

I’ve never used VLANs on Linux (or OpenWRT, and don’t know how it interacts with the router’s hardware).

I guess what you want to do is to not NAT traffic going from the LAN (where most of your hardware lives) and the DMZ (where the server lives), but still to disallow the DMZ from communicating with the LAN.

considers

So, I don’t know whether the VLAN stuff is necessary on your hardware to prevent the router hardware from acting like a switch, moving Ethernet packets directly, without them going to Linux. Might be the case.

I suppose what you might do — from a network standpoint, don’t know off-the-cuff how to do it on OpenWRT, though if you’re just using it as a generic Linux machine, without using any OpenWRT-specific stuff, I’m pretty sure that it’s possible — is to give the OpenWRT machine two non-routable IP addresses, something like:

192.168.1.1 for the LAN

and

192.168.2.1 for the DMZ

The DHCP server listens on 192.168.1.1 and serves DHCP responses for the LAN that tell it to use 192.168.1.1 as the default route. Ditto for hosts in the DMZ. It hands out addresses from the appropriate pool. So, for example, the server in the DMZ would maybe be assigned 192.168.2.2.

Then it should be possible to have a routing table entry to route 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.2.0/24 via 192.168.2.1 and vice versa, 192.168.2.1 to 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.1. Linux is capable of doing that, as that’s standard IP routing stuff.

When a LAN host initiates a TCP connection to a DMZ host, it’ll look up its IP address in its routing table, say “hey, that isn’t on the same network as me, send it to the default route”. That’ll go to 192.168.1.1, with a destination address of 192.168.2.2. The OpenWRT box forwards it, doing IP routing, to 192.168.2.1, and then that box says “ah, that’s on my network, send it out the network port with VLAN tag whatever” and the switch fabric is configured to segregate the ports based on VLAN tag, and only sends the packet out the port associated with the DMZ.

The problem is that the reason that home users typically derive indirect security benefits from use NAT is that it intrinsically disallows incoming connections from the server to the LAN. This will make that go away — the LAN hosts and DMZ hosts will be on separate “networks”, so things like ARP requests and other stuff at the purely-Ethernet level won’t reach each other, but they can freely communicate with each other at the IP level, because the two 192.168.X.1 virtual addresses will route packets between each the two networks. You’re going to need to firewall off incoming TCP connections (and maybe UDP and ICMP and whatever else you want to block) inbound on the 192.168.1.0/24 network from the 192.168.2.0/24 network. You can probably do that with iptables at the Linux level. OpenWRT may have some sort of existing firewall package that applies a set of iptables rules. I think that all the traffic should be reaching the Linux kernel in this scenario.

If you get that set up, hosts at 192.168.2.2, on the DMZ, should be able to see connections from 192.168.1.2, on the LAN, using its original IP address.

That should work if what you had was a Linux box with three Ethernet cards (one for each of the Internet, LAN, and WAN) and the VLAN switch hardware stuff wasn’t in the picture; you’d just not do any VLAN stuff then. I’m not 100% certain that any VLAN switching fabric stuff might muck that up — I’ve only very rarely touched VLANs myself, and never tried to do this, use VLANs to hack switch fabric attached directly to a router to act like independent NICs. But I can believe that it’d work.

If you do set it up, I’d also fire up sudo tcpdump on the server. If things are working correctly, sudo ping -b 192.168.1.255 on a host on the LAN shouldn’t show up as reaching the server. However, ping 192.168.2.2 should.

You’re going to want traffic that doesn’t match a NAT table entry and is coming in from the Internet to be forwarded to the DMZ vlan.

That’s a high-level of what I believe needs to happen. But I can’t give you a hand-holding walkthrough to configure it via off-the-cuff knowledge, because I haven’t needed to do a fair bit of this myself — sorry on that.

EDIT: This isn’t the question you asked, but I’d also add that what I’d probably do myself if I were planning to set something like this up is get a small, low power Linux machine with multiple NICs (well, okay, probably one NIC, multiple ports). That cuts the switch-level stuff that I think that you’d likely otherwise need to contend with out of the picture, and then I don’t think that you’d need to deal with VLANs, which is a headache that I wouldn’t want, especially if getting it wrong might have security implications. If you need more ports for the LAN, then just throw a regular old separate hardware Ethernet switch on the LAN port. You know that the switch can’t be moving traffic between the LAN and DMZ networks itself then, because it can’t touch the DMZ. But I don’t know whether that’d make financial sense in your case, if you’ve already got the router hardware.

The Slate Truck has them, so assuming that that goes into production, it’ll be an example.

The Slate Truck’s base configuration, called the “Blank Slate”, does not include an infotainment system, speakers, or power windows.

I mean, you can use something like the lightweight containers generated by firejail, where the program just lacks write permission to the filesystem or network access, stuff like that.

You can get wrong answer with 100% token confidence, and correct one with 0.000001% confidence.

If everything that I’ve seen in the past has said that 1+1 is 4, then sure — I’m going to say that 1+1 is 4. I will say that 1+1 is 4 and be confident in that.

But if I’ve seen multiple sources of information that state differing things — say, half of the information that I’ve seen says that 1+1 is 4 and the other half says that 1+1 is 2, then I can expose that to the user.

I do think that Aceticon does raise a fair point, that fully capturing uncertainty probably needs a higher level of understanding than an LLM directly generating text from its knowledge store is going to have. For example, having many ways of phrasing a response will also reduce confidence in the response, even if both phrasings are semantically compatible. Being on the edge between saying that, oh…an object is “white” or “eggshell” will also reduce the confidence derived from token probability, even if the two responses are both semantically more-or-less identical in the context of the given conversation.

There’s probably enough information available to an LLM to do heuristics as to whether two different sentences are semantically-equivalent, but you wouldn’t be able to do that efficiently with a trivial change.

Our last, best hope for the subsidy model was Valve, a company that famously rakes in money hand over fist and launched the original Steam Deck at the unbeatable price of $399 through a “painful” amount of subsidy. If Valve did the same for the upcoming Steam Machine, it could have legitimately competed with the PlayStation and Xbox for your living room TV.

But Valve has all but dashed those hopes through a series of moves. In late December, it discontinued the $399 Steam Deck, raising the starting price to $549. In early February, it announced that the Steam Machine had been delayed due to the memory shortage and that the company would have to reset expectations on pricing. And now, even the $549 Steam Deck OLED is out of stock specifically because of the memory crisis.

I was pretty confident that Valve was not going to subsidize the Steam Machine from the start, even before Valve said that it would be priced comparably to a PC and even before it said that it was delaying determining pricing (which was a good sign that it hadn’t locked in a contract price on components). I commented along those lines here.

Consoles can do the razor-and-blades model because they are a closed platform. If you buy a Playstation, it doesn’t do you much good unless you use it to buy Playstation games. So each Playstation purchase is very, very probably going to be used to purchase Playstation games. Sony can crank up prices on those and make their initial loss back.

But the Steam Machine is open. I can go run whatever on it. I can just take the thing and, say, make it a media server or whatever. And if Valve subsidizes it, people will just buy it instead of a comparable PC and then run whatever they want on it. Doesn’t make much sense for Valve, just because of the nature of the machine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones#Devices_with_formal_support

An operating system cannot brick a piece of hardware.

Sure it can. It may not have in this case, but there’s plenty of hardware that can be bricked by an OS.

Interesting. I wonder if it’d be practical to containerize them by default.

That’s also a solution for Windows users if they can’t get some future version of Windows to work with the thing. You get a dinky Linux box, like a Raspberry Pi or something, and just set it up as a print server.

Wooldridge sees positives in the kind of AI depicted in the early years of Star Trek. In one 1968 episode, The Day of the Dove, Mr Spock quizzes the Enterprise’s computer only to be told in a distinctly non-human voice that it has insufficient data to answer. “That’s not what we get. We get an overconfident AI that says: yes, here’s the answer,” he said. “Maybe we need AIs to talk to us in the voice of the Star Trek computer. You would never believe it was a human being.”

Hmm. That’s probably a pretty straightforward modification for existing LLMs, at least at the token level.

You can obtain token probabilities, so you can give some estimate out-of-band confidence in a response, down to the token level. Don’t really need to change anything for that, just expose some data.

And you could make the AI aware of its own neural net’s confidence level, feed the confidence back into the neural net for subsequent tokens, see if you can get it to take that information into account.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurrent_neural_network

In artificial neural networks, recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are designed for processing sequential data, such as text, speech, and time series,[1] where the order of elements is important. Unlike feedforward neural networks, which process inputs independently, RNNs utilize recurrent connections, where the output of a neuron at one time step is fed back as input to the network at the next time step. This enables RNNs to capture temporal dependencies and patterns within sequences.